Scholastic Aptitude Test &
Scholastic Assessment Test
SAT is a standardized exam used for college admissions in the United States. The College Board, a non-profit organization, owns, publishes, and develops the SAT. While it was once developed and scored by the Educational Testing Service, ETS still administers the test. The SAT assesses a student's college readiness and has been in existence since 1901, undergoing name and scoring changes over the years.
Typically taken by high school sophomores, juniors, and seniors, the SAT, when used alongside high school grade point average (GPA), provides a more robust predictor of college success than relying solely on high school grades. Studies conducted over time have shown a significant increase in the correlation between high school grades and freshman college grades when considering SAT scores.
Mathematics
Critical Thinking
Writing
The SAT consists of three main sections: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing, with each section scored on a scale from 200 to 800 in increments of 10. Total scores are determined by summing the scores from these three sections. Each major section is further divided into three parts, resulting in a total of 10 sub-sections. There is also an additional 25-minute experimental or "equating" section, which can be located in any of the three main sections. Importantly, this experimental section is used for question normalization in future SAT administrations and does not contribute to the final score.
The SAT test includes 3 hours and 45 minutes of actual timed sections. However, when accounting for other activities such as orientation, distributing materials, completing biographical sections, and eleven minutes of timed breaks, the entire test session typically runs for about four and a half hours.
The difficulty of questions varies, ranging from easy to medium to hard, depending on the scoring and placement of experimental sections. Generally, easier questions tend to appear early in the section, while more challenging ones are positioned toward the end. This pattern applies particularly to math, sentence completions, and vocabulary questions, although there may be exceptions in some sections.
The Critical Reading section of the SAT comprises three scored segments: two lasting 25 minutes each and one lasting 20 minutes. This section encompasses various question types, including sentence completions and inquiries related to short and lengthy reading passages.
Typically, the Critical Reading section commences with 5 to 8 sentence completion questions. The remaining questions center on the reading passages. Sentence completions assess the student's vocabulary and comprehension of sentence structure by requiring the selection of words to complete a given sentence.
The primary focus of the Critical Reading section is reading passages, where students read brief excerpts covering topics in social sciences, humanities, physical sciences, or personal narratives. Subsequently, they answer questions based on these passages. Some sections feature passages that require students to compare two related passages, usually consisting of shorter readings. The number of questions pertaining to each passage corresponds to the passage's length.
Unlike the Mathematics section, where questions progress in order of difficulty, questions in the Critical Reading section follow the order of the passage. In general, questions at the beginning of the section are easier, while those towards the end are more challenging.
The SAT Mathematics section, often referred to as the Quantitative or Calculation Section, consists of three scored segments. These segments include two 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section, structured as follows:
Recent revisions to the SAT have eliminated quantitative comparison questions from the math section, focusing solely on questions with symbolic or numerical answers. The updated content now includes Algebra II and scatter plots. These changes have resulted in a shorter yet more quantitative exam, emphasizing higher-level mathematics courses compared to the previous format.
Calculator use is common among SAT test-takers, particularly due to the need for time-efficient and accurate calculations. Some students opt for calculator programs during the test, which enable faster problem-solving than manual calculations. Graphing calculators, in particular, are preferred, especially for geometry problems and tasks involving multiple calculations. Research by the College Board indicates that the extent of calculator use is correlated with performance on the math section, with those using calculators for about one-third to half of the questions achieving higher scores. Therefore, familiarity with graphing calculators, both in the classroom and outside, can positively impact a student's performance on the SAT math section.
The SAT writing section, distinct from the old SAT II subject test in writing and introduced in March 2005, consists of both multiple-choice questions and a brief essay component. The essay contributes approximately 28% to the overall writing score, while the multiple-choice questions make up 70% of the score. This addition to the SAT was prompted by colleges' concerns regarding the need for a standardized assessment of students' writing abilities and critical thinking skills.
Multiple-choice questions in this section include error identification, sentence improvement, and paragraph improvement questions. Error identification and sentence improvement questions assess grammar knowledge by presenting sentences that are either awkward or grammatically incorrect. In the error identification segment, students must pinpoint the word causing the error or identify that the sentence is error-free. In the sentence improvement section, students select an acceptable correction for the awkward sentence. Paragraph improvement questions evaluate a student's grasp of logical organization of ideas. They present poorly written essays and ask questions about the best ways to enhance them.
The essay portion, always the first section of the test, allows 25 minutes for completion. Students must respond to a provided prompt, which tends to be broad and philosophical, accessible to all regardless of their backgrounds. Prompts may explore topics like the value of work in human life or the potential negative consequences of technological change. There are no strict essay structure requirements, and the College Board accepts examples from the student's reading, studies, experiences, or observations.
Two trained readers evaluate each essay, awarding a score between 1 and 6. A score of 0 is reserved for essays that are blank, off-topic, non-English, illegible, or not written with a Number 2 pencil. These scores are then combined to yield a final score ranging from 2 to 12 (or 0). In cases where the two readers' scores differ by more than one point, a senior third reader provides the final score. Remarkably, each reader spends less than 3 minutes on average evaluating each essay.